While it is true that you may be able to take your pup in for surgery in the morning and pick her up later that afternoon or evening, but some veterinarians may keep her overnight to monitor for bleeding and ensure she remains quiet after surgery. When you drop your dog off you may be asked to sign consent forms for surgery, pain medication and a preoperative screening and blood test if she has not already had one.
When you pick her up later that day, she may still be groggy from the anesthesia. Your vet will provide you with a set of instructions for post-operative care, and this is a good time to ask questions about her recovery and what you can expect. Be sure to bring a carrier or a soft blanket to help make her ride home more comfortable.
You can also give her a toy to cuddle, but refrain from giving her any treats until after the anesthesia has completely worn off. It's important to closely follow the instructions your vet provides for post-operative care. Your vet will most likely give your pup something for her pain before she leaves the clinic. Because she is likely to be sore for a while as she recovers, your vet might also prescribe pain medication that you can give her at home.
If not, be sure to ask your vet what to do for her pain before leaving the office. Under no circumstances should you give her over-the-counter medication intended for humans without first consulting your vet.
You'll also be informed whether you will need to bring your pup back in for stitch removal once she's healed or if the stitches will dissolve on their own. Your dog will need to be kept from vigorous activity or play for about a week to 10 days, and she might have to wear a cone to prevent her from licking or chewing the incision while it heals.
Many dogs find these plastic collars uncomfortable, so she might do better with one of the newer, inflatable versions that can be purchased at pet supply stores. While determining when to spay a dog you should be aware of the time it may take your pup to recover. Rare but possible issues that could arise after the surgery include excessive pain, torn stitches or an infection. PetHelpful advises watching out for the following signs:.
Contact your vet right away if you notice any of these signs or if the incision doesn't appear to be improving. Bleeding, pale gums, excessive panting and crying could all indicate an emergency, and in the case of these signs, your dog should be seen by a vet as quickly as possible. As long as you follow the vet's instructions and prevent your pup from moving too much or bothering her incision, these complications are unlikely.
Even so, it's a good idea to have a plan in place to handle emergencies during the clinic's off hours, especially if you don't live in an area where a hour emergency clinic is available. When to spay a dog is really the least of your considerations. As long as your pup is at least 4 months old and healthy, any time is a good time to have her spayed. However, spaying is surgery, and your vet knows better than anyone whether your dog is up to handling such a procedure.
Some of these behaviours can start at an early age and intensify as they continue to mature until 12 months, or even older for large breeds. During this time they build more muscle as their growth plates close. This maturation of their musculoskeletal system can help prevent certain orthopedic injuries later in life, especially in large breeds. There is also some evidence that certain cancers may be less likely if they are allowed to have some time to reach sexually maturity.
Male dogs that are left intact through adulthood and into their senior years can encounter prostate disease, perineal hernias, perianal tumors, and testicular tumors. Small dogs do not have as many orthopedic issues, therefore it is fine to neuter them on the younger side at months of age.
The signs of sexual maturity in female dogs can have some similarity to the males, but they also will come into their first heat estrous. This may mean up to two weeks of dripping blood, accompanied by moodiness and unwanted attention from male dogs from miles away. For most female dogs, this will happen around months of age or older.
The level of occurrence of one or more cancers in intact males was 6 percent and in intact females, 8 percent. Neutering males and females did not lead to any evident increase in risk of a cancer. There were no cases of MC in females left intact or spayed at any time, and there was a 5 percent occurrence of PYO in the intact females. The study population was intact males, neutered males, intact females, and spayed females for a total sample of cases.
Joint disorders are a major concern in this breed with 8 percent of intact males and 16 percent of intact females having one or more joint disorders. The cancers followed occurred in the intact males and females at 16 and 11 percent, respectively.
These relatively high occurrences of cancers in intact males and females were not increased by neutering at any age. Of females left intact or spayed at 2—8 years, 8 and 5 percent were diagnosed with MC, respectively. In intact females, 12 percent were diagnosed with PYO. The suggested guideline for males, given the risk of joint disorders for those neutered at mo. The study population was 26 intact males, 27 neutered males, 18 intact females, and 23 spayed females for a total sample of 94 cases.
This breed was chosen because of the large size. In intact males and females, the occurrences of one or more joint disorders were 8 percent and 6 percent, respectively. The cancers followed occurred in intact males and females at 4 and 11 percent, respectively. With neutering males and females, there were no noteworthy increases in cancers.
There was no occurrence of MC in either the intact or spayed females. Lacking a noticeable occurrence of increased joint disorders or cancers in neutered males those wishing to neuter should decide on the appropriate age. However, given the large body size, some may wish to consider neutering well-beyond 1 year of age.
The study population was 31 intact males, 30 neutered males, 20 intact females, and 52 spayed females for a total sample of cases. There were no joint disorders in intact males and just one in the intact females. The occurrence of cancers in intact males was 6 percent and in intact females, zero. There were no evident increases in cancers in neutered males or females. There was no occurrence of MC in intact or spayed females and a 14 percent occurrence of PYO in intact females. Spaying at mo.
However, to avoid the high level of UI occurrence in females, one could consider spaying females at, or beyond, 2 years. The study population was intact males, neutered males, 77 intact females, and spayed females for a total sample of cases. In this small-dog breed there were no occurrences of joint disorders in either intact or neutered males and females, revealing virtually no vulnerability in this regard. There was no occurrence of the cancers followed in intact males and females.
In neutered males there was no occurrence of cancers. However, in females, the occurrence of cancers for those spayed at mo. MC occurred in 3 percent of intact females. PYO occurred in 5 percent of intact females. UI was not reported in any females. The picture is very different for spaying females where the increased risk of cancers started with spaying at mo. The suggested guideline for females is to delay spaying until the female is 2 years of age.
Another possibility is to spay a female a month or two before 6 months to avoid the increased risk of cancers. The study population was 35 intact males, 33 neutered males, 28 intact females, and 46 spayed females for a total sample of cases. Just one intact male had a joint disorder, and other than this, no joint disorders were reported in intact females or in neutered males or females.
None of the intact males or females had any of the cancers followed. There were no noteworthy occurrences of the cancers in neutered males or females. There were no occurrences of MC in either intact or neutered females, and a 7 percent occurrence of PYO in intact females. However, for females, one could consider delaying spaying until a year of age to avoid the risk of UI. There were no joint disorders reported in intact males, and in intact females, just 1 percent.
In neutered males and females there were no noteworthy occurrences of joint disorders. In intact males and intact females, just 1 percent were reported with at least one of the cancers followed. In both neutered males and females, none of the cancer occurrences was noteworthy. In intact females, the occurrence of MC was 1 percent as was the occurrence with spaying at 2—8 years. PYO was reported in 7 percent of intact females.
No UI was reported in any of the intact or spayed females. Since the reporting from this center of increased risks of joint disorders and some cancers in Golden Retrievers, Labrador Retrievers, and German Shepherd Dogs 11 — 13 , the appropriate age of neutering has become a common point of discussion 16 — With the evidence-based information on the risks, if any, of joint disorders, cancers, PYO and UI associated with neutering at different ages for males and females of various as dog breeds, dog owners, and their veterinarians, can use this information to select an age for neutering for the long-term health of their companion dogs on a case-by-case basis.
The overall major finding from the present study is that there are breed differences — and sometimes sex differences — with regard to the increased risks of joint disorders and cancers associated with neutering at various ages. For example, with the Boston Terrier, neutering females at the standard 6 month age did not increase the risks of joint disorders or cancers over that of dogs left intact, but with males, neutering before a year of age was associated with a significant increase in cancers.
The opposite effect with genders was seen in the Cocker Spaniel where neutering at 6 months was not associated with an increase in joint disorders or cancers in males, but in females there was a significant increase in risk of cancers to 17 percent with neutering before 2 years. Another important finding that holds across several breeds is that with the small-dog breeds — Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Chihuahua, Corgi, Dachshund, Maltese, Pomeranian, Poodle-Toy, Pug, Shih Tzu, Yorkshire Terrier —the occurrences of joint disorders were close to zero in both the intact and neutered males and females.
In these small-dog breeds, the occurrence of cancers was low in both those kept intact and neutered. Two exceptions were the Boston Terrier and Shih Tzu where there was there a significant increase in cancers with neutering. As noted in the results section, the mean date of last entry per patient in the hospital record ranged from about 4. The perspective taken here is that it is the early occurring joint disorders and cancers that are the most impactful on the human caregivers, both emotionally and financially, as well as their dogs.
To just delay neutering by a year or so to lower the risk of a joint disorder or cancer in those breeds where the issue is relevant, is a noteworthy goal, making it worthwhile to discuss appropriate ages to neuter with caregivers who have a new puppy. A suggested guideline for the use of the data presented here for those who may wish to focus on a breed or two, is to first scroll through Table 1 to peruse the breeds for a brief look at the neutering guidelines for the breeds of interest.
The next step could be to refer to summary paragraphs in the Results section, which present the major findings with a suggested guideline for neutering age. Our intention is to offer readers data-based information to make case-by-case decisions about age of neutering. As is clearly evident in the breed-specific data presented, one cannot make a generalization for all dogs about age of neutering guidelines.
As mentioned, this study involved 35 breeds, counting the three varieties of Poodles as three breeds. Thus, most breeds registered by AKC or other comparable agencies were not covered. The breeds chosen were the most popular, and with the largest dataset in our records, or were included to sample the largest range of breed sizes as was feasible. Hence, some of the largest breeds e.
While with some of the most popular breeds there were over 1, cases in the database, most breeds ended up with to cases which was sufficient for statistical analyses where the impact of neutering was substantial. A suggestion for those interested in a breed not covered in this study is to find a breed or two closest genetically to the breed of their interest in order to get an estimate of the various disease risks, if any, associated with neutering.
However, one needs to bear in mind that even genetically related breeds may vary a great deal. An example is seen when comparing Golden and Labrador Retrievers, using the data from this study, where in the Labrador, there was no increase in cancer risk above that of intact dogs with neutering, but in the female Golden, the risk of a cancer with neutering increased to 2—4 times that of the 5 percent level of intact females.
The popular Poodle breed provides another example, where there are three major varieties in size, the Standard, Miniature, and Toy. In the Standard, neutering males at 1 year was associated with a highly significant increase in the risk of a cancer mainly LSA to over six times that of intact males, whereas in the Miniature, there was no increase in cancers with neutering but a significant increase in joint disorders mainly CCL with neutering at mo.
A likely mechanism by which early neutering may lead to a joint disorder is related to disturbance of the closure of the long-bone growth plates by gonadal hormone secretion as the animal approaches maturity 19 , We have proposed that neutering much before the closure of growth plates allows the long bones to grow a little longer than normal, and may sufficiently disturb joint alignments in some neutered dogs to lead to a clinically-apparent joint disorder.
Given the frequency with which early neutering is performed in dogs, it seems surprising that osteoporosis has not been examined given that in humans, chronic loss of gonadal hormones is associated with osteoporosis It could be that the wolf ancestor of the dog had one breeding season and that the bone structure of mature dogs was not as affected by seasonal fluctuations of gonadal hormones as with a permanent gonadal hormonal loss in humans.
One of the frequently mentioned advantages of early neutering of female dogs is protection against MC There may be important genetic, breed-line differences in the occurrence of MC that are not portrayed in our database. However, relevant to the discussion of MC is the recent meta-analysis of published studies on neutering females and MC, finding that the evidence linking neutering to a reduced risk of MC is weak In the data gathered in this study, through 11 years of age, the occurrence of MC in females left intact was rarely above 6 percent and frequently 2 percent or less.
Obviously with most cases of intact females not followed through 11 years, and with the year cut-off for those that were followed, many occurrences of MC were missed. However, it seems reasonable, that if MC was a common occurrence in intact females that this disease would have been more frequent in the intact females followed. Further, a very late onset of MC would seem less disturbing to pet owners than the much earlier onsets of joint diseases and other cancers.
For males, there is some concern that neutering beyond puberty will increase the likelihood of a problem behavior such as aggression. However, studies show that while neutering males can reduce aggression to people or other dogs in about 25 percent of males, neutering prior to puberty is no more effective in preventing this problem than is neutering in adulthood in resolving the problem 24 , This paper deals primarily with the risks of diseases that are seen within a given breed and sex.
Comparisons between breeds are difficult to interpret, in part because of differences in developmental and physiological factors between breeds including those between smaller and larger breeds. In the text we have reported the occurrences of various diseases in percentages but in statistical analyses the actual data are used. When disease incidence is particularly low in one or more neutering subgroups, the ability to detect significant differences will be low, but there still could be differences which may or may not have been evident in the statistical analyses.
There are at least two major limitations to this study. First, relatively few breeds are covered compared to those included in the various breed registries of kennel clubs and canine organizations. This limitation was necessary so as to apply the same diagnostic criteria for diseases covered across all breeds, using the same database, and the necessity of having sufficient cases for analyses. Second, no information is available as to the reasons the owners or others chose to neuter, or not to neuter their dogs.
In California, the vast majority of dogs are neutered, and since it is legally required for dogs to be neutered prior to adoption from an animal shelter or humane society 26 ; many breeders impose the same requirement. In conclusion, the data presented should provide to veterinarians and interested puppy caregivers data-based information for the best age for neutering to avoid increasing the risk of joint disorders and some cancers beyond that of leaving the dog intact.
Readers can note that an elevated risk for a joint disorder or cancer occurs in relatively few of these breeds. In other words, with most breeds or sexes, neutering can apparently be done without referral to a particular age, at least with regard to the joint disorders or cancers covered in this study. Of course, individual factors must be taken into account. For puppies of mixed breed, another paper that is currently in press provides data-based information dealing with age of neutering and the risk of one or more joint disorders as a function of the dog adult weight category This information can also help inform decisions on age of recommended neuter in purebred dogs where the breed is not covered in our data.
The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. NW: statistical analyses. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Epidemiology of surgical castration of dogs and cats in the United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc. Prevalence of, and risk factors for, hip dysplasia and cranial cruciate ligament deficiency in dogs.
Breed, sex, and body weight as risk factors for rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament in young dogs. PubMed Abstract Google Scholar. Dorn M, Seath IJ. Neuter status as a risk factor for canine intervertebral disc herniation IVDH in dachsunds: a retrospective cohort study.
Canine Genet Epidemiol. Hormonal and sex impact on the epidemiology of canine lymphoma. J Cancer Epidemiol. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. Epidemiologic, clinical, pathologic, and prognostic characteristics of splenic hemangiosarcoma and splenic hematoma in dogs: cases. Reproductive capability is associated with lifespan and cause of death in companion dogs. Waiting until older may help with some behaviour but you have the issues of dealing with messy heat cycles and the possibility of unintended pregnancy.
Houlihan, Kendall E. A literature review on the welfare implications of gonadectomy of dogs. Journal of the AVMA ; Would you like to switch to the accessible version of this site? Go to accessible site Close modal window. Don't need the accessible version of this site? Hide the accessibility button Close modal window. Accessibility View Close toolbar.
RSS Feed. Have a look at the terminology that is commonly used: The female surgery is usually called a spay , the medical name is ovariohysterectomy. Let's take a look at the individual issues for which we have data: Cancer Cancer is a leading worry for anyone who has furry family members.
Mammary gland tumours the pet equivalent of breast cancer are the most common cancer in female dogs and are often malignant spread aggressively. In the US, where most pets are spayed, the rate of mammary cancer is 3.
It has been well established that spaying has the greatest benefit for prevention of mammary cancer if done before the first heat risk of mammary cancer is 0. So with mammary cancer spaying is protective and the earlier the better.
Other female cancers : ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, vaginal and vulvar cancer are all rare or uncommon and are all prevented by spaying. The age of spaying likely doesn't matter a lot as long as the surgery is performed before the cancer has a chance to develop. Neutering prevents this cancer as long as the surgery is performed before the cancer develops. Prostate cancer is rare in dogs. Neutering has been shown to slightly increase the risk of prostate cancer but the age of neutering likely does not impact whether or not it develops.
In fact, in one study, neutered dogs tended to be older when the prostate cancer was diagnosed. Risk of prostate cancer also differs among breeds. Lymphoma is a type of cancer that has been studied in association with spaying and neutering with a wide variety of results.
One study showed more cases of lymphoma in intact males, neutered males and spayed females than in intact females. Studies in German Shepherds and Labrador Retrievers showed no increased risk of lymphoma in neutered males or spayed females.
A study in Golden Retrievers showed no increased risk of lymphoma with spaying at any age, but found an increased risk in males neutered before 1 year of age. Mast cell tumours have a varying prognosis depending on tumour grade and location.
Breed of dog plays a role in risk, regardless of spay or neuter status. There have been studies that indicate that spayed females may have a higher risk than intact females, but the age of spaying was not taken into consideration. Hemangiosarcoma is a serious cancer of dogs.
Neutering of males of all breeds studied does not increase risk of this cancer, other than one study in Vizslas in which males that were neutered after 1 year of age were at increased risk. Studies in female Vizslas and Golden Retrievers showed increased risk for hemangiosarcoma when spayed after 1 year of age. Golden Retrievers spayed when more than 1 year old were 4x more likely to develop this cancer than intact females and females spayed before 6 months of age.
Another, follow-up study in Golden Retrievers of both sexes showed no increased risk at all with spaying. Spaying and neutering does not cause increased risk for this type of cancer in Labrador Retrievers or German Shepherds.
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